OCEAN OF KNOWLEDGE

Types of Ovules                                          We have now seen different types of ovules on the basis of nucellar features. But ovules in the angiosperms exhibit diversity with respect to their size, degree of ovule curvature, nucellus thickness, integument number and thickness, formation of micropyle, funiculus length, degree of vasculature etc. The most commonly used classification of ovules is based on their orientation and curvature. There are mainly six types of ovules:     Orthotropous or Atropous ovule            i)  The body of the ovule is straight and errect.              ii)  The chalaza and the micropyle remain in one line.             iii)   It is considered as the most primitive ovule.             iv)...

WHAT IS ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT? The  electrochemical gradient  is composed of a chemical force (the  ions ' concentration  gradient ) and an  electrical  force (the effect of the membrane potential on the  ions ' movement). ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT OF ION ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE? An electrochemical gradient is a gradient of electrochemical potential, usually for an ion that can move across a membrane. The gradient consists of two parts, the chemical gradient, or difference in solute concentration across a membrane, and the electrical gradient, or difference in charge across a membrane. When there are unequal concentrations of an ion across a permeable membrane, the ion will move across the membrane from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration through simple diffusion. Ions also carry an electric charge that forms an electric potential across a membrane. If there is an unequal distribution of charges across the membrane, then ...

     Organs and Organ Systems Your body is an amazing machine! Tissues are organized into organs and organs are  organized into organ systems. Get ready—in the upcoming lessons in this learning  package you will learn about four of the major body systems: • the circulatory system • the respiratory system  • the digestive system • the excretory system

What is Blood? Blood circulates through the body delivering nutrients and removing waste materials. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets all suspended in plasma. Plasma- About 55% of your blood is made up of plasma. Plasma is a liquid made up of proteins, minerals, dissolved salts, and water. Red Blood Cells- Your body produces two million red blood cells every second. Red blood cells are responsible for carrying oxygen from your lungs to your cells and for carrying carbon dioxide from your cells to your lungs where it is exhaled. White Blood Cells- White blood cells defend the body against attack from foreign organisms, such as bacteria and some viruses and form antibodies that protect the body from future attacks. If the body is invaded by harmful organisms, the production of white blood cells increases dramatically. When a white blood cell encounters a smaller organism, it simply engulfs it. If the invading organism is larger, a number of whi...

Agent that include mutation are known as MUTAGENS. Mutagen may be different kind of radiation certain chemical . the different mutagen maybe group as follow          1. Physical mutagen                 A. Ionizing radiation                       i) particulate radiation that include x-ray, gamma ray,beta Ray etc                      ii) non particulate radiation                             B.  Nonionizing radiation i.e                                           ultraviolet radiation         2. Chemical mutagens              A. Alkylating agent- i.e sulphur mustards, nitr...

The Circulatory System—the Body's Moving  company The circulatory system is an organ system that includes the heart, the blood vessels, and the blood itself. It has three functions: • to transport materials (i.e., nutrients and oxygen) and cells from one place to another • to defend the body against invasion by harmful organisms by taking white blood cells to an area of injury or infection • to maintain a constant body temperature Your body has a closed network of blood vessels—hollow tubes—that move blood and nutrients. A pumping organ—the heart—pushes blood through this network of vessels.

The Circulatory System                      Introduction The first system you’ll be examining in this learning package is the circulatory system. The circulatory system transports substances around our bodies; it delivers essential nutrients to every one of our cells, and it helps to transport waste products to waste-disposal sites—the lungs, the skin, and the kidneys.

                 Tissues There are four types of tissues in the human body: • muscle tissue • nerve tissue • connective tissue • epithelial tissue Muscle tissue is responsible for movement in the body. Think of all the different ways you can move your body: walking, lifting, writing all involve muscle tissue. Muscle tissue also allows your body to move in ways you can’t often see. For example, did you know that your heart contains muscle tissue? The muscle tissue in your heart allows it to contract so it can pump blood to your whole body. Nerve tissue transmits messages through the body. It is crucial for our safety because it tells us how to respond to various changes inside and outside the body. For example, when you touch something hot, nerve tissues are what detect the heat and send a warning message to your brain. Connective tissue holds other tissues together, and protects and insulates organs. This tissue is fibrous and helps g...

             Cell Organization In a multicellular organism, such as humans, cells are specialized and organized to work together. Groups of similar cells that have a common function form a tissue. Tissue cells are often stuck together with fibres or other sticky material. Groups of tissues having a common function are organized into organs. Many organs are made up of several different types of tissues. Some examples of organs in your body include the heart, lungs, kidney, liver, skin, eye, brain, and ears. Some examples of organs in plants are the roots, stems leaves, stamens, and ovaries. Groups of organs having a common function form an organ system. The human body is made up of many systems including the: • circulatory system • digestive system • excretory system • respiratory system • immune system • skeletal system • nervous system

       Levels of Organization in Organisms         Introduction Systems are made up of individual parts that work together and are usually connected to one or more other systems. If one part of the system is damaged, the system will not function well or may not function at all. These characteristics are true of systems in the human body. The human body is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together—understanding how these parts work help us to understand the whole system.

                The Concept of Sustainability  Sustainability is the process suggested to improve the quality of human life within the limitations of the global environment. It involves solutions for improving human welfare that does not result in degrading the environment or impinging on the well-being of other people.  Although there is no general agreement about the precise meaning of sustainability, there seems to be a general consensus that three basic concepts are involved in sustainable measures: living within certain limits of the earths’ capacity to maintain life; understanding the interconnections among economy, society, and environment; and maintaining a fair distribution of resources and opportunity for this generation and the next. In understanding its complexity, one popular framework shows sustainability issues as being classified into three categories: social/political, environmental, and economic issues. These three clas...

                Introduction sustainability The word “sustainability” has become a global buzzword as a potential solution for the many international, regional, and local problems facing society today. As developing nations struggle with issues of overpopulation, disease, and political conflict, developed countries also have to deal with problems such as infrastructure deterioration, pollution, and unlimited urban expansion with limited resources. The United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development coined a definition of sustainable development, which is probably the most well-known in all of the sustainability literature: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WECD, 1987).   According to MSN Encarta (WWW), the word “sustainable” means “able to be maintained”.  However, from the number of published books and articles in pro...

               ESSENTIAL AND BENEFICIAL ELEMENT   Most of the element present in soil can enter into plant, with the help of sensitive technique their can be detected through concentration is very low.     All the element present in soil but not essential all in plant body same case in animal body all element can not be required for growth and development.       CRITERIA FOR ESSENTIAL MINERAL ELEMENT     It is responsible for growth and development of plant.       A plant unable to complet his vegetative and reproductive phase with out presence of essential element.    The element can not replace by other element.    17 element or 16 element have been found to be essential they are C, H, O, N, Mg, Ce, Fe, B, Mn, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cl, and Ni   Other are called as non essential element.

                           Macro nutrient   These elements are required for plant in huge amount in the plant body .   It is very much required for growth and development in the plant body. They are those essential element which are present in easily detectable quantity 1-10 mg per gram of dry matter . Macro element are usually involved in the synthesis of organic molecules and development of osmotic potential of the cell . There are 9 element are present in the earth which are undergo in the macro nutrient. C, H, O, N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg. etc. are include in the macro nutrient. On fresh weight basic O2 is the most abundant element . On dry weight basis it is almost equal to carbon. Of the non essential function or beneficial element, silicon and sodium often occur in the range of macro nutrient.

                        MICRO NUTRIENT    These are those essential element which are required by the plant in small amount. Is equal to less then 0.1mg/gm of dry matter. These essentially came to be known only when extra pure salts were used in culture experiments.   Micro nutrient is mostly involves in the enzyme activator and co factor of the plant body.    These are include in 8 micronutrient present in the earth.    Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu, Mo, Cl, and Ni. Etc. 

    INTRODUCTION OF PLANT BREEDING  The agricultural food production in India had increased from merely 50.82 million tonnes- in 1950-51 to 252.53 million tonnes in 2015-16. This represents an increase of over 397%during period of 57 years. During this period, there was an increase of 27.87% in the cultivated area, while yield per hectare increased by 255%. As a result, the nation became almost self-sufficient food grains. But the population in India is growing at an alarming rate of around 2.5 per cent Def year. This makes it necessary that the food grain production should also increase at least at effect  same rate or even at a faster rate to improve the nutritional status of masses. The above increase In yield resulted from increased quantum and better management of inputs, such as fertilizers, irrigation water, plant protection and cultural practices, and from improved crop varieties. It is doubtful that the net cropped area can be increased indefinitely, but the...

              MUTATION INDUCTION                                                                                         To artificially induce hereditary changes in plants, either physical or chemical agents are used. Ionizing radiation is a widely used physical agent to treat the seeds and other plant material of crops to create heritable mutations. Natural means to induce genetic diversity have been exploited for many millennia to improve major food crops. However, the frequency of such mutations is insufficient to meet current needs. One of the most important breakthroughs in the history of genetics was the discovery that mutations can be induced by physical and chemical mutagens (agents that change the genetic material of an o...

  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MONOGENIC INHERITANCE AND POLYGENIC INHERITANCE Monogenic inheritance 1)   Monogenic inheritance refer to genetic control of a trait. 2)   monogenic inheritance control qualitative traits. 3)   monogeneses produce discontinuous variation in the expression of traits. 4)   F1 individual are smaller to the dominate parent. 5)   F2 individual are similar to the dominant parent. 6)   No intermediate are produce. 7)   Individual with dominate phenotype are more numerous then with recessive                          Phenotype. 8)    There is no commutative action in the presence of dominate phenotype. Polygenic inheritance  1)  polygenic inheritance refers to the genetic control of a trait by means gene. 2)    Polygeni...

               SOIL AS A NUTRIENT RESERVOIR -Soil colloids serve to maintain a reserve of soluble nutrient in the soil. - the colloid compound of soil consisting of clay particle and humus. - sand, slit and clay which are difference on the basis of particle size from the mineral compound in the soil -A part from clay,also contain a colloidal carbonaceous residue called humus. -Humus is an organic materiel that has been slowly but incompletely degraded to a colloidal dimension through the action of weathering and micro organism which make great contribution to the nutrient reservoir  

                          BIOTIC NATURAL RESOURCES           Biotic resources  are  resources  derived from the biosphere such as living things and from forest and the materials derived from them. This mainly include fossil fuels like petroleum, coal gas, etc.